BSOG-173
RETHINKING DEVELOPMENT
BSOG 173 solved Free Assignment 2023
BSOG 173 Solved Free Assignment January 2023
Assignment-I
Q 1. Explain the intellectual sources of the world systems theory.
Ans. The world systems theory is a sociological and economic framework that seeks to explain the development of modern capitalism and the global economy.
The theory was first proposed by Immanuel Wallerstein in the 1970s and draws on several intellectual sources.
Dependency Theory: One of the key intellectual sources of the world systems theory is dependency theory, which emerged in the 1950s and 1960s as a critique of modernization theory.
Dependency theory argues that the economic development of the Global South is dependent on the economic policies of the Global North.
This idea is central to the world systems theory, which argues that the global economy is structured in a way that benefits the Global North at the expense of the Global South. BSOG 173 Solved Free Assignment 2023
Marxist Theory: Another important influence on the world systems theory is Marxist theory, particularly the ideas of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.
Marx and Engels argued that capitalism was a global system that exploited workers and created inequality.
They also emphasized the importance of historical materialism, which holds that economic and social conditions shape historical developments.
Economic History: The world systems theory draws heavily on economic history, particularly the history of European colonialism and the development of the global economy.
Wallerstein argues that the world economy has gone through several stages of development, from the mercantilist era to the industrial revolution to the rise of modern capitalism. BSOG 173 Solved Free Assignment 2023
He also emphasizes the importance of the division of labor in the world economy, with the Global South typically producing raw materials and the Global North producing manufactured goods.
Geography: The world systems theory also draws on geographic factors, particularly the idea of core-periphery relationships.
Wallerstein argues that the world economy is structured in a way that benefits the core countries, which are typically located in Europe and North America, at the expense of the periphery countries, which are located in Africa, Asia, and Latin America.
Systems Theory: Finally, the world systems theory is influenced by systems theory, which is a branch of sociology that seeks to understand how systems operate and interact with each other. BSOG 173 Solved Free Assignment 2023
Wallerstein argues that the global economy is a complex system that is characterized by relationships of power and inequality.
He also emphasizes the importance of feedback loops and the interdependence of different parts of the system.
To understand the world systems theory in more depth, it is important to examine some of its key concepts. One of the central concepts of the theory is the idea of the core-periphery relationship.
According to Wallerstein, the world economy is divided into a core, a periphery, and a semi-periphery. The core countries are the most advanced industrial economies, including the United States, Japan, and Western Europe.
These countries control the most advanced technologies and have the highest levels of productivity and wealth. BSOG 173 Solved Free Assignment 2023
The periphery countries, on the other hand, are typically the least developed countries, with low levels of industrialization and high levels of poverty.
The semi-periphery countries are those that are in the process of industrializing and moving from the periphery to the core.
Another key concept of the world systems theory is the idea of uneven development. According to Wallerstein, the core-periphery relationship creates a situation in which the core countries become increasingly wealthy and powerful, while the periphery countries remain impoverished and dependent.
This leads to a situation of uneven development, where some countries or regions are more advanced than others.
The world systems theory also emphasizes the importance of the division of labor in the global economy.
According to Wallerstein, the core countries tend to specialize in manufacturing and high-tech industries, while the periphery countries specialize in the production of raw materials and agricultural goods.
This division of labor creates a situation in which the periphery countries are dependent on the core countries for access to markets and technology.
Another important concept in the world systems theory is the idea of imperialism. Wallerstein argues that imperialism is an important mechanism by which the core countries maintain their dominance over the periphery countries.
Imperialism involves the use of military and economic power to control the resources and labor of other countries. BSOG 173 Solved Free Assignment 2023
This can take the form of direct colonization or indirect control through economic and political institutions.
The world systems theory also emphasizes the role of the state in the global economy.
According to Wallerstein, the state plays an important role in promoting the interests of the core countries and maintaining the division of labor in the world economy.
States use a variety of policies and institutions, including trade agreements, tariffs, and subsidies, to promote their own interests and those of their allies.
The world systems theory also highlights the importance of global trade and finance. Wallerstein argues that global trade and finance are key mechanisms by which the core countries maintain their dominance over the periphery countries.
The core countries control the international financial institutions, such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, and use them to impose economic policies on the periphery countries.
One of the criticisms of the world systems theory is that it oversimplifies the complexity of the global economy. BSOG 173 Solved Free Assignment 2023
Critics argue that the theory fails to take into account the diversity of economic systems and the ways in which countries and regions interact with each other.
Critics also argue that the theory places too much emphasis on economic factors and overlooks the importance of cultural, social, and political factors.
Despite these criticisms, the world systems theory has had a significant impact on our understanding of the global economy.
The theory has helped to highlight the unequal distribution of power and wealth in the world economy and has contributed to a growing awareness of the need for global economic justice.
The theory has also inspired a wide range of research on globalization, development, and inequality, and has influenced the thinking of policymakers and activists around the world. BSOG 173 Solved Free Assignment 2023
Q 2. Discuss briefly the approaches to social development.
Ans. Social development refers to the process of improving the social, economic, and cultural well-being of individuals and communities.
There are several different approaches to social development, each with its own theories and strategies.
Human Capital Approach:
The human capital approach focuses on improving people’s skills, knowledge, and abilities through education, training, and other forms of investment in human resources.
The approach argues that by investing in human capital, individuals and communities can improve their economic and social well-being.
This approach emphasizes the importance of education and training, as well as other forms of human development, such as health care and nutrition.
Capability Approach: BSOG 173 Solved Free Assignment 2023
The capability approach, developed by economist Amartya Sen, emphasizes the importance of individual freedom and agency in social development.
The approach argues that social development should aim to expand people’s capabilities and opportunities, rather than simply improving their material conditions.
This approach highlights the importance of social and political institutions that support individual rights and freedoms.
Participatory Approach:
The participatory approach emphasizes the importance of involving local communities and stakeholders in the social development process.
The approach argues that people are more likely to be invested in development initiatives if they have a voice in the decision-making process.
This approach highlights the importance of community participation, empowerment, and ownership of development initiatives.
Gender and Development Approach:
The gender and development approach emphasizes the importance of addressing gender inequalities and empowering women in the social development process.
The approach argues that gender equality is essential for achieving sustainable development and that gender issues should be integrated into all aspects of development planning and implementation.
This approach highlights the importance of gender-sensitive policies and programs, as well as women’s participation in decision-making processes.
Sustainable Development Approach: BSOG 173 Solved Free Assignment 2023
The sustainable development approach emphasizes the importance of balancing economic development with environmental protection and social equity.
The approach argues that development initiatives should be designed to meet the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
This approach highlights the importance of environmental sustainability, social justice, and economic growth in the development process.
Rights-Based Approach:
The rights-based approach emphasizes the importance of human rights in the social development process. BSOG 173 Solved Free Assignment 2023
The approach argues that social development should aim to protect and promote individual rights and freedoms, including the right to education, health care, and other basic needs.
This approach highlights the importance of social and political institutions that protect individual rights and ensure social justice.
Community-Driven Development Approach:
The community-driven development approach emphasizes the importance of involving local communities in the development process.
The approach argues that communities are best placed to identify their own development priorities and that development initiatives should be tailored to the specific needs and aspirations of local communities.
This approach highlights the importance of community ownership, participation, and empowerment in the development process.
Market-Led Approach: BSOG 173 Solved Free Assignment 2023
The market-led approach emphasizes the importance of market mechanisms and private sector involvement in the social development process.
The approach argues that economic growth and development are the best means of improving social conditions and reducing poverty.
This approach highlights the importance of creating a favorable business environment and encouraging private sector investment in areas such as education, health care, and infrastructure.
Social Investment Approach:
The social investment approach emphasizes the importance of investing in social programs and services as a means of promoting social development.
The approach argues that social investment can lead to better social outcomes, such as improved health, education, and employment opportunities.
This approach highlights the importance of government investment in areas such as education, health care, and social protection.
Political Economy Approach: BSOG 173 Solved Free Assignment 2023
The political economy approach emphasizes the importance of political and economic factors in the social development process.
The approach argues that social development initiatives must take into account the political and economic context in which they operate.
This approach highlights the importance of addressing issues such as corruption, inequality, and political instability in order to promote sustainable social development.
Community-Based Approach:
The community-based approach emphasizes the importance of working with local communities to promote social development.
The approach argues that communities are best placed to identify their own development priorities and that development initiatives should be tailored to the specific needs and aspirations of local communities.
This approach highlights the importance of community participation, ownership, and empowerment in the development process.
Indigenous Knowledge Approach: BSOG 173 Solved Free Assignment 2023
The indigenous knowledge approach emphasizes the importance of indigenous knowledge and practices in promoting social development.
The approach argues that indigenous knowledge can be a valuable resource in addressing social development challenges, such as poverty, environmental degradation, and cultural marginalization.
This approach highlights the importance of respecting and valuing indigenous knowledge and practices in the development process.
Assignment-II
Q 3. What is urbanism? How is it different from urbanization.
Ans. Urbanism refers to the social, cultural, and economic aspects of urban life, including the ways in which people interact with each other and the built environment in urban areas. BSOG 173 Solved Free Assignment 2023
It encompasses the study of the physical form, social organization, and cultural practices of cities and towns, and how they evolve over time.
Urbanism focuses on the social and cultural aspects of urban life, and how these aspects shape and are shaped by the physical and built environment.
Urbanization, on the other hand, refers to the process of the growth and expansion of cities and towns, including the increase in population and the development of urban infrastructure and services.
It is the physical expansion of cities and towns, as well as the social and economic changes that come with urban growth.
Urbanization is often driven by factors such as industrialization, migration, and changes in economic and social structures.
While urbanism and urbanization are related concepts, they are distinct from each other. BSOG 173 Solved Free Assignment 2023
Urbanism is concerned with the social and cultural aspects of urban life, while urbanization is concerned with the physical and economic aspects of urban growth and development.
Urbanism focuses on how people interact with each other and the built environment in urban areas, while urbanization focuses on the growth and expansion of cities and towns.
Urbanism can be studied through a range of different approaches, including anthropology, sociology, geography, and urban planning.
Anthropologists, for example, may study the cultural practices of urban communities, while sociologists may focus on the social organization of urban areas.
Geographers may study the physical form and layout of cities, while urban planners may focus on the design and development of urban spaces.
One key aspect of urbanism is the idea of the “urban experience.” This refers to the ways in which people experience and interact with the city, including the built environment, social structures, and cultural practices.
The urban experience is shaped by a range of different factors, including the physical layout of the city, the presence of public spaces, and the diversity of the urban population.BSOG 173 Solved Free Assignment 2023
Another key aspect of urbanism is the idea of urban identity. Cities and towns have their own unique identities, shaped by factors such as history, culture, and geography.
Urban identity can be seen in the architecture, public art, and cultural practices of urban areas. It can also be expressed through the ways in which people identify with and participate in urban life.
Urbanism also encompasses the study of urban design and planning. Urban planners are responsible for shaping the physical form of cities and towns, including the layout of streets, the placement of buildings, and the provision of public spaces.
Urban design and planning can have a significant impact on the social and cultural aspects of urban life, shaping the ways in which people interact with each other and the built environment.
In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the concept of “urbanism without cities.” BSOG 173 Solved Free Assignment 2023
This refers to the idea that many of the social and cultural aspects of urban life can be found in rural areas and small towns, and that these areas can benefit from the same type of urban design and planning that is used in cities.
Q 4. Describe Paul Baran’s dependency theory of development?
Ans. Paul Baran’s Dependency Theory of Development is a critique of the traditional view of development, which suggests that underdeveloped countries can achieve economic growth by following the path of industrialization that has been taken by developed countries.
Baran’s theory challenges this view and argues that underdevelopment is not the result of a lack of industrialization or modernization, but rather the result of a global economic system that is structured to benefit developed countries at the expense of underdeveloped countries.
According to Baran’s theory, underdeveloped countries are dependent on developed countries for access to capital, technology, and markets.
This dependency is created by the historical legacy of colonialism and imperialism, which created a global economic system that was designed to benefit the colonial powers. BSOG 173 Solved Free Assignment 2023
This system was characterized by the extraction of resources from underdeveloped countries and the transfer of wealth to developed countries.
Baran argues that this dependency is perpetuated by the global economic system, which is controlled by developed countries and their multinational corporations.
Underdeveloped countries are forced to specialize in the production of primary commodities, such as raw materials and agricultural products, which are exported to developed countries.
This specialization makes underdeveloped countries vulnerable to fluctuations in commodity prices, and prevents them from developing more diversified economies.
Baran also argues that the global economic system is characterized by unequal exchange, in which underdeveloped countries are forced to export their raw materials at low prices, while importing finished goods from developed countries at high prices. BSOG 173 Solved Free Assignment 2023
This unequal exchange further perpetuates the dependency of underdeveloped countries on developed countries, and prevents them from achieving economic development.
Baran suggests that underdeveloped countries can break free from this dependency by pursuing a path of economic self-reliance.
This involves developing their own industries and reducing their dependence on imported goods and capital.
This path of economic self-reliance requires a radical transformation of the global economic system, including the establishment of a new international economic order that is more equitable and democratic.
Baran’s theory has been criticized for being too simplistic and for not taking into account the diversity of underdeveloped countries.
Some critics argue that underdeveloped countries are not all the same, and that different countries face different challenges in achieving economic development.
Others argue that Baran’s theory is too focused on the economic aspects of development, and does not take into account the political and social factors that contribute to underdevelopment.BSOG 173 Solved Free Assignment 2023
Despite these criticisms, Baran’s Dependency Theory of Development has had a significant impact on the field of development studies.
It has challenged the traditional view of development, and has helped to raise awareness of the structural inequalities that underlie the global economic system.
It has also influenced the development policies of many underdeveloped countries, which have sought to break free from their dependency on developed countries and to pursue a path of economic self-reliance.
Q 5. Analyse social perspective on human development.
Ans. The social perspective on human development emphasizes the importance of social interactions, relationships, and institutions in shaping the development of individuals and communities.
It views human development as a continuous process that is shaped by cultural, historical, and social factors. BSOG 173 Solved Free Assignment 2023
This perspective recognizes that individuals are shaped by their social context, and that social factors play a crucial role in determining the opportunities and constraints that individuals face throughout their lives.
One of the key concepts in the social perspective on human development is socialization. Socialization refers to the process by which individuals learn the norms, values, and beliefs of their culture and society.
This process begins in childhood and continues throughout the lifespan. Socialization occurs through a variety of social institutions, such as the family, schools, and the media, and it plays a crucial role in shaping individuals’ attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors.BSOG 173 Solved Free Assignment 2023
Another important concept in the social perspective on human development is social inequality. Social inequality refers to the unequal distribution of resources, opportunities, and power in society.
This includes inequalities based on factors such as race, gender, class, and sexuality. Social inequality can have a significant impact on individuals’ development, as it can limit the opportunities available to them and shape their experiences in ways that affect their physical and mental health, educational outcomes, and social mobility.
The social perspective on human development also emphasizes the importance of social networks and support systems in promoting well-being and resilience.
Social networks refer to the relationships that individuals have with others, including family, friends, colleagues, and community members.
These relationships can provide emotional support, practical assistance, and social connections that help individuals cope with stress and adversity.
The social perspective on human development also recognizes the importance of social institutions in shaping individuals’ experiences and opportunities.
Social institutions include formal organizations such as schools, workplaces, and government agencies, as well as informal institutions such as cultural norms and traditions.
These institutions can either support or constrain individuals’ development, depending on the extent to which they provide opportunities for growth and development, or limit individuals’ access to resources and opportunities.
From a social perspective, human development is also seen as a collective process. This means that individuals are not just shaped by their own experiences, but also by the experiences of others in their social networks and communities.
This collective process of development can be seen in the ways that social movements and collective action can bring about social change and promote greater equality and justice.BSOG 173 Solved Free Assignment 2023
Assignment-III
Q 6. Progress
Ans. The social perspective on human development sees progress as not just individual but also collective. It is focused on achieving social justice and promoting the well-being of all individuals and communities.
Social justice refers to the fair distribution of resources, opportunities, and power in society, and the elimination of systemic barriers that limit individuals’ access to these resources.
In this view, progress is achieved through the reduction of social inequality and the creation of a more inclusive and equitable society.
This requires addressing the root causes of social inequality, including discrimination, poverty, and lack of access to education, healthcare, and other basic needs. BSOG 173 Solved Free Assignment 2023
It also involves promoting the rights and well-being of marginalized groups, such as women, racial and ethnic minorities, and individuals living in poverty.
Progress is also seen as a continuous process, rather than a fixed endpoint. This means that the pursuit of social justice and the promotion of human development are ongoing efforts that require ongoing attention and action.
It requires a commitment to social change and the creation of policies and programs that promote social justice and equality.
One example of progress in the social perspective on human development is the movement towards greater gender equality.
This involves not only promoting equal opportunities for men and women but also challenging gender norms and stereotypes that limit individuals’ choices and opportunities.
This can involve promoting policies such as parental leave, equal pay, and affirmative action, as well as addressing the root causes of gender inequality, such as violence against women and girls.
Another example of progress in the social perspective on human development is the movement towards greater environmental sustainability.
This involves recognizing the interdependence between human beings and the natural world and working to promote sustainable practices that protect the environment and support the well-being of all individuals and communities.
This can involve promoting policies such as renewable energy, conservation, and sustainable agriculture, as well as challenging the root causes of environmental degradation, such as consumerism and unsustainable development practices.
Q 7. Poverty
Ans. Poverty is a complex issue that is often defined in different ways. At its core, poverty is a condition where individuals or communities lack the resources needed to live a dignified life. BSOG 173 Solved Free Assignment 2023
This can include a lack of access to basic needs such as food, clean water, shelter, healthcare, education, and employment.
Poverty can be caused by a variety of factors, including economic, social, and political factors, and can have long-lasting impacts on individuals and communities.
The World Bank defines poverty as living on less than $1.90 per day, which is the international poverty line.
However, poverty is not just about income levels, but also about access to basic needs, opportunities, and social inclusion.
Poverty can have a range of negative impacts on individuals and communities, including poor health outcomes, limited access to education, reduced economic opportunities, and social exclusion.
One approach to addressing poverty is through social protection programs, which provide targeted support to vulnerable individuals and families.
These programs can include cash transfers, food assistance, healthcare, and education support. BSOG 173 Solved Free Assignment 2023
Social protection programs can help to reduce poverty by providing a safety net for individuals and families during times of economic hardship or crisis.
Another approach to addressing poverty is through economic growth and job creation.
This involves promoting policies and programs that support economic development and create opportunities for employment and income generation.
This can include investments in infrastructure, education and training, and support for small and medium-sized enterprises.
However, economic growth alone is not enough to address poverty. It is important to ensure that growth is inclusive and benefits all individuals and communities, particularly those who are most vulnerable to poverty and exclusion.
This requires promoting policies and programs that address the root causes of poverty, such as inequality, discrimination, and lack of access to basic needs and opportunities.BSOG 173 Solved Free Assignment 2023
Q 8. Entitlements
Ans. Entitlements refer to benefits or rights that individuals are entitled to by law or social norms. These entitlements can be based on various criteria, such as age, income, disability, or veteran status.
Entitlement programs are typically administered by government agencies and provide support to individuals and families who meet the eligibility criteria.
One example of an entitlement program is Social Security in the United States, which provides retirement benefits to individuals who have paid into the program throughout their working lives.
Other entitlement programs in the United States include Medicare, which provides healthcare coverage to individuals over the age of 65 or those with certain disabilities, and Medicaid, which provides healthcare coverage to low-income individuals and families.
Entitlement programs can provide important support to individuals and families who may not have access to basic needs or opportunities.
However, there can also be challenges with entitlement programs, such as ensuring that they are sustainable and providing support to those who truly need it.
In addition to government-administered entitlement programs, there are also social entitlements that are based on social norms and expectations.
For example, individuals may be entitled to certain rights and benefits within their workplace, such as a safe working environment or access to healthcare benefits.
Entitlements can play an important role in promoting social welfare and reducing inequality. BSOG 173 Solved Free Assignment 2023
However, it is important to ensure that entitlement programs are targeted and effective, and that they do not create disincentives for individuals to work or seek employment.
Additionally, it is important to address the underlying causes of poverty and inequality to ensure that individuals and communities have access to basic needs and opportunities.
Q 9. Welfare approach to development
Ans. The welfare approach to development is a social and economic framework that focuses on improving the well-being and quality of life of individuals and communities.
This approach is based on the belief that development should not just be about economic growth, but also about ensuring that all members of society have access to basic needs and opportunities, such as healthcare, education, and social support.
The welfare approach to development is often associated with social democracy, a political philosophy that emphasizes the role of the state in promoting social welfare and reducing inequality. BSOG 173 Solved Free Assignment 2023
In this approach, the state is seen as responsible for providing essential services and support to its citizens, and for ensuring that social and economic policies promote the well-being of all members of society.
One of the key tenets of the welfare approach to development is the idea of social protection.
This involves providing support to vulnerable individuals and families, such as through cash transfers, food assistance, and healthcare.
Social protection programs can help to reduce poverty and inequality, and provide a safety net for individuals and families during times of economic hardship or crisis.
Another important aspect of the welfare approach to development is the promotion of human rights and social inclusion.
This involves ensuring that all members of society have access to basic rights and freedoms, and are able to participate fully in social, economic, and political life.
This can include addressing discrimination and promoting diversity and inclusion, as well as providing support for marginalized and disadvantaged communities.
The welfare approach to development also emphasizes the importance of access to basic services such as healthcare and education.
This involves investing in social infrastructure and ensuring that all members of society have access to essential services and support.
While the welfare approach to development has been criticized by some for being too reliant on state intervention and not promoting economic growth, proponents argue that it is an important framework for promoting social welfare and reducing inequality. BSOG 173 Solved Free Assignment 2023
The welfare approach to development recognizes that economic growth alone is not enough to ensure that all members of society have access to basic needs and opportunities, and that social and economic policies must be designed to promote the well-being of all members of society.
Q 10. Social environment
Ans. The social environment refers to the cultural and social context in which individuals live and interact.
It includes factors such as social norms, values, beliefs, and customs, as well as social structures and institutions such as family, religion, education, and government.
The social environment can have a significant impact on an individual’s behavior, attitudes, and overall well-being.
One important aspect of the social environment is socialization. Socialization refers to the process by which individuals learn and internalize the norms, values, and beliefs of their society. BSOG 173 Solved Free Assignment 2023
This process begins in childhood and continues throughout life, shaping an individual’s behavior, attitudes, and beliefs.
The social environment can also have an impact on an individual’s health and well-being.
For example, social support from family and friends can have a positive impact on mental and physical health, while social isolation and loneliness can have negative effects.
Social norms and cultural beliefs can also impact health behaviors, such as diet and exercise, and access to healthcare.
The social environment can also influence economic and political systems. Social structures and institutions, such as family, education, and government, can shape economic opportunities and social mobility.
Social movements and activism can also influence political systems and policies, promoting social justice and equality.
It is important to note that the social environment is not fixed, but rather constantly changing and evolving. BSOG 173 Solved Free Assignment 2023
Changes in technology, globalization, and cultural exchange can all impact the social environment and shape individuals’ experiences and perspectives.
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