BPCC 105
PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH
BPCC 105 Solved Free Assignment 2023
BPCC 105 Solved Free Assignment January 2023
Assignment One
Q 1. Discuss the qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection.
Ans. Data collection is an essential aspect of research that enables researchers to gather information about a particular phenomenon or subject of study.
The methods of data collection used in research can be broadly classified into two categories, i.e., qualitative and quantitative methods.
Qualitative methods of data collection are used to gather non-numerical data, while quantitative methods are used to collect numerical data.
Qualitative methods of data collection
Qualitative methods of data collection are used to gather non-numerical data. These methods are particularly useful when the research problem is complex and the researcher needs to explore the phenomenon in-depth.
Qualitative methods are also useful when the researcher needs to understand the context and meaning of the phenomenon under investigation.
Qualitative methods of data collection include the following:
Interviews: Interviews are one of the most commonly used qualitative methods of data collection. Interviews can be structured, semi-structured, or unstructured.
Structured interviews are conducted using a predetermined set of questions, while semi-structured and unstructured interviews allow the researcher to explore the phenomenon in-depth.BPCC 105 Solved Free Assignment 2023
Focus groups: Focus groups are a type of group interview that is used to gather data from a group of individuals who share similar characteristics or experiences.
Focus groups are useful when the researcher needs to understand the perspectives of a particular group on a particular phenomenon.
Observations: Observations are used to gather data about the behavior and actions of individuals in a particular setting. Observations can be structured or unstructured.
Case studies: Case studies involve an in-depth investigation of a particular phenomenon or individual. Case studies are particularly useful when the researcher needs to understand the context and meaning of a particular phenomenon.
Quantitative methods of data collection
Quantitative methods of data collection are used to gather numerical data. These methods are particularly useful when the research problem is well-defined and the researcher needs to test a specific hypothesis or theory.
Quantitative methods of data collection include the following:
Surveys: Surveys are one of the most commonly used quantitative methods of data collection. Surveys involve the use of a questionnaire that is administered to a large number of individuals. Surveys can be conducted face-to-face, by mail, by telephone, or online.BPCC 105 Solved Free Assignment 2023
Experiments: Experiments are used to test a specific hypothesis or theory. Experiments involve the manipulation of one or more variables to observe the effect on the outcome variable.
Secondary data analysis: Secondary data analysis involves the use of existing data to answer research questions. Secondary data can be obtained from government agencies, academic institutions, and other sources.
Content analysis: Content analysis involves the systematic analysis of written or visual material. Content analysis can be used to understand the frequency of certain words or themes in a particular text.
Comparison between qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection
Qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection differ in several ways. Qualitative methods are useful when the research problem is complex and the researcher needs to explore the phenomenon in-depth.
Quantitative methods are useful when the research problem is well-defined and the researcher needs to test a specific hypothesis or theory. Qualitative methods are subjective, while quantitative methods are objective.
Qualitative methods of data collection are usually used in exploratory research, while quantitative methods are used in confirmatory research.
Qualitative methods are useful when the researcher needs to understand the context and meaning of the phenomenon under investigation, while quantitative methods are useful when the researcher needs to measure the frequency or extent of a particular phenomenon.BPCC 105 Solved Free Assignment 2023
Qualitative methods of data collection are usually more time-consuming and require a smaller sample size, while quantitative methods are usually less time-consuming and require a larger sample size.
Qualitative methods of data collection are usually more flexible, while quantitative methods are usually more rigorous.
Advantages of qualitative methods of data collection
Provides in-depth understanding: Qualitative methods of data collection are useful in providing an in-depth understanding of a particular phenomenon.
It enables researchers to explore the phenomenon in-depth, understand the context, and uncover the meaning behind it.
Flexible: Qualitative methods of data collection are flexible and can be adapted to suit the research problem. BPCC 105 Solved Free Assignment 2023
The researcher has the freedom to modify the research questions, change the methods of data collection, and adjust the research design as needed.
Captures diverse perspectives: Qualitative methods of data collection are useful in capturing diverse perspectives.
It enables the researcher to understand the perspectives of different individuals, groups, and communities on a particular phenomenon.
Disadvantages of qualitative methods of data collection
Time-consuming: Qualitative methods of data collection are usually more time-consuming than quantitative methods. It requires a lot of time and effort to conduct interviews, focus groups, observations, and case studies.
Subjective: Qualitative methods of data collection are subjective and prone to bias. The researcher’s personal biases, beliefs, and values can influence the interpretation of the data.
Small sample size: Qualitative methods of data collection usually require a smaller sample size. This can limit the generalizability of the findings.
Advantages of quantitative methods of data collection
Objective: Quantitative methods of data collection are objective and less prone to bias. It enables the researcher to measure the frequency or extent of a particular phenomenon.BPCC 105 Solved Free Assignment 2023
Large sample size: Quantitative methods of data collection usually require a larger sample size. This enables the researcher to generalize the findings to a larger population.
Time-efficient: Quantitative methods of data collection are usually less time-consuming than qualitative methods. It enables the researcher to collect data from a large number of individuals in a short period.
Disadvantages of quantitative methods of data collection
Less flexibility: Quantitative methods of data collection are less flexible and require a well-defined research design. It limits the researcher’s ability to modify the research questions or change the methods of data collection.
Lack of in-depth understanding: Quantitative methods of data collection are useful in measuring the frequency or extent of a particular phenomenon. However, it does not provide an in-depth understanding of the context and meaning behind it.
Limited to numerical data: Quantitative methods of data collection are limited to numerical data. It cannot capture non-numerical data such as attitudes, beliefs, and values.BPCC 105 Solved Free Assignment 2023
Q 2. Describe the characteristics and methods of sampling techniques.
Ans. Sampling is a process of selecting a subset of individuals or objects from a larger population for the purpose of research.
The characteristics and methods of sampling techniques vary depending on the research problem, research design, and research questions.
Characteristics of Sampling Techniques
Representativeness: Sampling techniques should be representative of the population from which the sample is selected.
A representative sample should have the same characteristics as the population from which it is drawn.
Randomness: Sampling techniques should be random to ensure that every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected. Randomness helps to reduce bias and increase the generalizability of the findings.
Size: The size of the sample should be appropriate to the research problem, research design, and research questions. BPCC 105 Solved Free Assignment 2023
A large sample size is useful when the research problem requires statistical analysis, while a small sample size is useful when the research problem requires in-depth understanding.
Precision: Sampling techniques should be precise to ensure that the sample represents the population as accurately as possible. Precision helps to increase the validity of the findings.
Methods of Sampling Techniques
Probability Sampling: Probability sampling is a sampling technique that ensures that every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected. There are four main methods of probability sampling:
a) Simple Random Sampling: Simple random sampling is a sampling technique where every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected.
This technique is useful when the population is homogeneous and there is no prior information about the characteristics of the population.
b) Stratified Random Sampling: Stratified random sampling is a sampling technique where the population is divided into strata based on specific characteristics, and then a random sample is selected from each stratum.
This technique is useful when the population is heterogeneous and there is prior information about the characteristics of the population.
c) Systematic Random Sampling: Systematic random sampling is a sampling technique where every nth member of the population is selected.
This technique is useful when the population is large and there is no prior information about the characteristics of the population.
d) Cluster Sampling: Cluster sampling is a sampling technique where the population is divided into clusters, and then a random sample of clusters is selected.
This technique is useful when the population is large and spread over a wide geographical area.BPCC 105 Solved Free Assignment 2023
Non-Probability Sampling: Non-probability sampling is a sampling technique that does not ensure that every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected. There are four main methods of non-probability sampling:
a) Convenience Sampling: Convenience sampling is a sampling technique where the sample is selected based on convenience. This technique is useful when the population is small, and it is difficult to select a representative sample.
b) Quota Sampling: Quota sampling is a sampling technique where the sample is selected based on specific characteristics to ensure that the sample is representative of the population. This technique is useful when the population is large and there is no prior information about the characteristics of the population.
c) Snowball Sampling: Snowball sampling is a sampling technique where the sample is selected based on referrals from existing participants. This technique is useful when the population is hard to reach and there is no prior information about the characteristics of the population.BPCC 105 Solved Free Assignment 2023
d) Purposive Sampling: Purposive sampling is a sampling technique where the sample is selected based on specific criteria to ensure that the sample is representative of the population. This technique is useful when the population is small, and there is prior information about the characteristics of the population.
In addition to the methods of sampling, there are other factors that can influence the quality of the sample. These factors include the sampling frame, the sampling method, the sample size, and the sampling error.
The sampling frame refers to the list of individuals or objects from which the sample is selected. The sampling method refers to the process of selecting the sample from the sampling frame. BPCC 105 Solved Free Assignment 2023
The sample size refers to the number of individuals or objects in the sample. The sampling error refers to the difference between the sample and the population.
It is important to consider these factors when selecting a sampling technique. For example, a small sample size may increase the sampling error and limit the generalizability of the findings. On the other hand, a large sample size may be costly and time-consuming.
Q 3. Elaborate upon the characteristics and types of qualitative research method.
Ans. Qualitative research is a type of research that focuses on understanding people’s experiences, behaviors, and beliefs.
Unlike quantitative research, which relies on numerical data, qualitative research is based on non-numerical data, such as words, images, and observations.
Qualitative research is often used to explore complex phenomena, such as the meaning of life, the nature of human relationships, or the experience of illness.
Characteristics of Qualitative Research
Qualitative research is characterized by several key features. First, it is exploratory in nature, which means that it is often used to generate new ideas or hypotheses.
Second, it is subjective, which means that it is influenced by the researcher’s own perspective and interpretation of the data.
Third, it is context-specific, which means that it focuses on understanding the context in which the phenomenon occurs.
Fourth, it is flexible, which means that the research questions and methods can be adapted as new insights emerge. BPCC 105 Solved Free Assignment 2023
Finally, it is iterative, which means that the research process involves a continuous cycle of data collection, analysis, and interpretation.
Types of Qualitative Research Methods
There are several types of qualitative research methods. The most common ones are described below.
Interviews: Interviews are a commonly used qualitative research method. They involve asking open-ended questions to participants to explore their experiences, beliefs, and attitudes.
Interviews can be conducted one-on-one or in a group setting, and can be structured, semi-structured, or unstructured.
Structured interviews involve asking a set of pre-determined questions, while semi-structured and unstructured interviews allow for more flexibility in the questions asked.BPCC 105 Solved Free Assignment 2023
Focus groups: Focus groups are a type of group interview that is used to explore a specific topic or issue. They involve bringing together a small group of participants who share a common characteristic, such as their age, occupation, or experience.
The moderator asks open-ended questions to encourage discussion and interaction among the participants.
Observations: Observations involve observing people in their natural setting to gain insights into their behavior and experiences.
This method is often used in anthropology, sociology, and psychology. Observations can be participant or non-participant, and can be structured or unstructured.
Case studies: Case studies involve in-depth analysis of a specific person, group, or situation. They can involve a range of data sources, including interviews, observations, and documents. Case studies are often used in psychology, education, and business research.BPCC 105 Solved Free Assignment 2023
Document analysis: Document analysis involves analyzing written or visual materials, such as diaries, letters, photographs, and videos. This method is often used in historical research, media studies, and cultural studies.
Ethnography: Ethnography is a type of qualitative research that involves living with and observing a specific group of people to gain insights into their culture and way of life. Ethnography is often used in anthropology and sociology.
One of the advantages of qualitative research is its ability to provide rich, detailed data that can offer deep insights into complex phenomena. This type of research is particularly useful when the research question is exploratory and aims to generate new ideas or hypotheses.
Qualitative research is also valuable for providing a more nuanced understanding of people’s experiences and perceptions, as it is less focused on numerical data and more focused on the narratives and experiences of individuals.
Another advantage of qualitative research is its flexibility. Qualitative research methods can be adapted to suit the needs of the study and can be modified as new insights emerge.
This allows researchers to refine their research questions and explore new areas of interest as they arise. BPCC 105 Solved Free Assignment 2023
Additionally, qualitative research can be conducted in a variety of settings and can involve diverse populations, making it a versatile research method that can be used in many fields.
However, qualitative research also has its limitations. One of the main limitations is that the data collected is often subjective and influenced by the researcher’s own perspective and interpretation.
This can lead to bias in the data and limit the generalizability of the findings. Additionally, qualitative research is often time-consuming and can be costly, as it requires a significant investment of time and resources to collect and analyze data.
Assignment Two
Q 4. Test Construction.
Ans. Test construction is the process of creating a valid and reliable test to measure a specific construct or trait.
The process involves several stages, including test planning, item writing, item analysis, test administration, and test revision. Below, we will discuss each stage in more detail.BPCC 105 Solved Free Assignment 2023
Test Planning: This stage involves defining the purpose of the test and the construct or trait that will be measured.
It also involves determining the target population, the format of the test (e.g. multiple choice, essay), and the time limit for completing the test.
Item Writing: This stage involves writing the test items, which are the questions or tasks that make up the test. Test items should be clear and concise, and should measure the intended construct or trait.
The items should also be balanced in terms of difficulty level and should avoid bias or stereotypes.
Item Analysis: This stage involves analyzing the test items to ensure that they are valid and reliable. Item analysis involves examining the difficulty level, discrimination power, and distractor effectiveness of each item.
Difficulty level refers to how difficult the item is for the test taker, while discrimination power refers to how well the item differentiates between high and low performers.
Distractor effectiveness refers to how well the incorrect options in a multiple-choice question distract test takers who do not know the correct answer.
Test Administration: This stage involves administering the test to the target population under standardized conditions. This ensures that all test takers are given the same instructions and have the same amount of time to complete the test.
Test administration may be done in paper-and-pencil format or online, depending on the nature of the test.BPCC 105 Solved Free Assignment 2023
Test Revision: This stage involves analyzing the results of the test and revising it as necessary. This may involve removing items that do not perform well, modifying the format of the test, or adjusting the scoring criteria.
Test revision is an ongoing process and should be done regularly to ensure that the test remains valid and reliable.
Q 5. Significance of report writing.
Ans. Report writing is an essential skill that is needed in various fields and professions. It involves documenting and presenting information in a clear, concise, and organized manner.
Reports may be written for different purposes, such as to inform, persuade, or analyze. Below are some of the key reasons why report writing is significant:
Communication: Reports serve as a means of communication between individuals or organizations. They allow information to be shared and understood by others.
Reports can also provide a permanent record of information, which can be used for future reference.BPCC 105 Solved Free Assignment 2023
Decision-making: Reports provide information that can be used to make informed decisions. They can provide an analysis of data, identify trends, and offer recommendations for action.
Reports can also help to identify areas of improvement and suggest ways to address issues.
Accountability: Reports can hold individuals or organizations accountable for their actions or decisions. They provide a record of events or actions, which can be used to evaluate performance or assess compliance with regulations or standards.
Evaluation: Reports can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of programs, projects, or initiatives.
They can provide information on the outcomes achieved, the resources used, and the impact on stakeholders. This information can be used to make improvements or to plan future activities.BPCC 105 Solved Free Assignment 2023
Professional Development: Report writing is a skill that is valued in many professions. Developing the ability to write clear, concise, and well-organized reports can enhance career opportunities and lead to professional growth.
report writing also plays a significant role in research. In research, reports are the primary means of communicating findings and conclusions to other researchers and stakeholders.
Research reports provide a detailed description of the research design, methodology, data collection and analysis, and results. They also offer insights into the limitations and implications of the research.
Furthermore, report writing is critical in many fields such as business, finance, engineering, healthcare, and law, among others.
In business, reports are used to inform and persuade investors, shareholders, and other stakeholders. Reports are also used to analyze market trends, competitors, and industry performance.BPCC 105 Solved Free Assignment 2023
In healthcare, reports are used to document patient care and treatment plans, record medical histories, and communicate with other healthcare professionals.
In engineering, reports are used to document design and testing procedures, analyze failures, and make recommendations for improvement.
In law, reports are used to document legal proceedings, provide case analysis, and support legal arguments.
Overall, the significance of report writing cannot be overstated. Effective report writing skills are essential for success in various fields and professions.
Writing a high-quality report requires careful planning, research, organization, and attention to detail. It is a skill that can be developed through practice and learning from feedback.
By mastering the art of report writing, individuals can effectively communicate information, influence decisions, and contribute to the success of their organizations or projects.BPCC 105 Solved Free Assignment 2023
Q 6. Sampling Criteria
Ans. Sampling criteria refer to the standards or guidelines used to select a representative sample from a population.
The criteria for selecting a sample depend on the purpose of the study, the nature of the population, and the research design. Below are some of the common sampling criteria:
Randomness: Random sampling is a technique that ensures each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected for the sample.
This criterion is commonly used in quantitative research to minimize bias and increase the generalizability of the findings.
Representativeness: A representative sample is one that accurately reflects the characteristics of the population. This criterion is important in research where the goal is to generalize findings to the larger population.
Adequacy: The sample size should be adequate to provide reliable and valid results. The sample size required depends on the nature of the research question, the variability of the population, and the desired level of precision.
Homogeneity: In some cases, it may be necessary to select a homogeneous sample, such as when studying a specific sub-group of the population.
Homogeneity ensures that the sample is more likely to share common characteristics and therefore provides more precise results.
Diversity: In contrast, diversity may be necessary in other cases, such as when studying a large and heterogeneous population. A diverse sample can help to capture the range of perspectives and experiences within the population.
Accessibility: The accessibility of the population is an important consideration in selecting a sample. In some cases, the population may be difficult to access, such as when studying a rare disease or a vulnerable population.
In such cases, alternative sampling techniques may be required.
Ethical considerations: The selection of a sample must be guided by ethical considerations, such as the protection of human subjects, informed consent, and confidentiality. BPCC 105 Solved Free Assignment 2023
The researcher must ensure that the sample selection process does not harm or disadvantage any members of the population.
Q 7. Ex Post Facto Research Design.
Ans. Ex post facto research design, also known as a retrospective study, is a type of research design that involves investigating the relationship between an outcome and a potential cause after the fact.
In other words, it involves looking back at past events and analyzing the data to identify potential causes or factors that may have influenced the outcome.
Unlike other research designs that involve manipulating independent variables to observe their effect on the dependent variable, ex post facto research design involves observing the dependent variable first and then trying to identify factors that may have contributed to the outcome.
This type of research design is commonly used in social and behavioral sciences where it is not possible or ethical to manipulate independent variables.
Ex post facto research design can be either experimental or non-experimental. In experimental designs, the researcher selects participants based on their exposure to a particular factor or condition and then compares their outcomes to those who were not exposed to that factor. BPCC 105 Solved Free Assignment 2023
For example, a researcher may compare the academic performance of students who were exposed to a new teaching method to those who were not exposed.
Non-experimental ex post facto research design, on the other hand, involves selecting participants who have already been exposed to the factor being studied and comparing their outcomes to those who were not exposed.
For example, a researcher may compare the academic performance of students who received a particular intervention in the past to those who did not receive the intervention.
One of the advantages of ex post facto research design is that it allows researchers to study real-world situations without manipulating variables.
This makes it possible to study phenomena that are not ethical or practical to manipulate experimentally. It is also relatively cost-effective compared to experimental designs.
However, ex post facto research design also has some limitations. For example, it is difficult to establish causality because the researcher cannot manipulate the independent variable. BPCC 105 Solved Free Assignment 2023
It is also subject to the problem of confounding variables, which are factors that may influence the outcome but are not controlled by the researcher.
In addition, it may be difficult to accurately measure or obtain data on variables that occurred in the past.
Q 8. Characteristics of Quantitative Research Design.
Ans. Quantitative research design is a research approach that emphasizes the use of numerical data and statistical analysis to study a phenomenon. The main characteristics of quantitative research design include:
Objective: Quantitative research is often considered to be objective because it relies on numerical data that can be analyzed using statistical methods. This approach is designed to reduce bias and increase the reliability and validity of the results.
Structured: Quantitative research design is structured and follows a well-defined procedure that includes hypothesis testing, data collection, and statistical analysis. This structure allows researchers to make valid inferences and generalizations based on the data.BPCC 105 Solved Free Assignment 2023
Measurable: One of the key features of quantitative research is that it focuses on measurable variables. These variables are typically operationalized through the use of standardized instruments or surveys that provide numerical data.
Replicable: Quantitative research is often designed to be replicable, meaning that other researchers should be able to replicate the study using the same procedures and obtain similar results.
This feature allows for the verification of results and increases the credibility of the research.
Generalizable: Another key feature of quantitative research is that it is often designed to be generalizable to a larger population.
This is typically achieved through the use of random sampling techniques that ensure that the sample is representative of the population.
Control: Quantitative research often includes measures to control for extraneous variables that may influence the outcome of the study.
This control is achieved through the use of experimental or quasi-experimental designs that allow for the manipulation of independent variables.
Quantitative: The final characteristic of quantitative research design is that it involves the use of quantitative data, which can be analyzed using statistical methods.
This approach allows for the testing of hypotheses and the identification of patterns and relationships between variables.
Q 9. Definition, Goals, Principles of Psychological Research.
Ans. Psychological research is the scientific study of human behavior, cognition, and emotion. It is designed to discover new knowledge and expand our understanding of how the human mind works. BPCC 105 Solved Free Assignment 2023
The main goals of psychological research are to explain, predict, and control behavior.
The principles of psychological research include:
Ethical Conduct: One of the primary principles of psychological research is ethical conduct.
Researchers must follow strict guidelines when conducting experiments and studies to ensure that participants are treated with respect and their rights are protected.
This includes obtaining informed consent, protecting participant confidentiality, and minimizing potential harm.BPCC 105 Solved Free Assignment 2023
Objectivity: Another key principle of psychological research is objectivity. Researchers must strive to maintain an unbiased and impartial perspective when conducting research, and avoid allowing their own personal beliefs and biases to influence the outcomes.
Systematic Approach: Psychological research is designed to follow a systematic approach, using standardized procedures and methods to collect and analyze data. This approach ensures that research is rigorous, consistent, and replicable.
Empirical Evidence: Psychological research relies on empirical evidence, which is obtained through direct observation and measurement of behavior.
Researchers use a variety of tools and techniques to gather data, including surveys, experiments, and observations.
Falsifiability: One of the primary goals of psychological research is to develop theories that can be tested and potentially falsified.
This means that researchers must be open to the possibility that their hypotheses and theories may not be supported by the evidence.
Replication: Psychological research must be replicable, meaning that other researchers should be able to reproduce the results of a study using the same methods and procedures. This ensures that research findings are valid and reliable.
Generalizability: Psychological research aims to develop theories that are generalizable, meaning that they can be applied to a wide range of individuals and situations. BPCC 105 Solved Free Assignment 2023
This requires careful consideration of the sample population and the selection criteria used to recruit participants.
Q 10. Formulation of Hypotheses.
Ans. Hypotheses are central to the scientific research process. A hypothesis is an educated guess or prediction about the relationship between two or more variables. Hypotheses are used to test theories and to answer research questions.
The formulation of hypotheses involves several steps:
Identifying the research problem: The first step in the formulation of hypotheses is to identify the research problem. This involves selecting a topic of interest and developing a research question that will guide the research process.
Conducting a literature review: The next step is to conduct a thorough review of the existing literature on the topic. This will help to identify what is already known about the topic and will provide a basis for developing a hypothesis.
Formulating a research question: Based on the research problem and the literature review, a research question can be formulated. The research question should be clear, specific, and testable.BPCC 105 Solved Free Assignment 2023
Developing a hypothesis: A hypothesis is a statement that predicts the relationship between two or more variables. A hypothesis can be directional or non-directional.
A directional hypothesis predicts the direction of the relationship between the variables, while a non-directional hypothesis does not specify the direction of the relationship.
Stating the null hypothesis: The null hypothesis is a statement that assumes there is no relationship between the variables being studied. The null hypothesis is used as a baseline for comparison with the alternative hypothesis.
Testing the hypothesis: Once the hypothesis has been developed, it can be tested using a variety of research methods, such as experiments or surveys. The results of the research will determine whether the hypothesis is supported or rejected.
Refining the hypothesis: Depending on the results of the research, the hypothesis may need to be refined or modified. This may involve revising the research question or developing a new hypothesis based on the findings.
Q 11. Constructs.
Ans. Constructs are key concepts or ideas that researchers use to explain or measure specific phenomena. In other words, constructs are abstract ideas or theoretical concepts that cannot be directly observed or measured, but can be inferred from observable phenomena.
Constructs are used in many fields of study, including psychology, sociology, education, and business.BPCC 105 Solved Free Assignment 2023
One important characteristic of constructs is that they must be defined clearly and operationally. This means that researchers must define the construct in a way that is measurable and testable.
For example, the construct of intelligence can be defined operationally as the ability to solve complex problems, reason abstractly, and learn from experience.
Constructs are often measured using instruments such as surveys, questionnaires, and tests. These instruments are designed to assess the construct in question, based on the operational definition that has been established.
For example, an intelligence test may be designed to assess the ability to solve complex problems, reason abstractly, and learn from experience.
Constructs can also be used to explain the relationships between different variables. For example, the construct of motivation can be used to explain why some employees are more productive than others.
By measuring levels of motivation and productivity, researchers can explore the relationship between these two constructs.
Constructs can be divided into two types: manifest and latent. Manifest constructs are those that can be directly observed or measured, such as height or weight. Latent constructs, on the other hand, are not directly observable or measurable, but can be inferred from observable behaviors or characteristics.
For example, the construct of self-esteem is latent, as it cannot be directly observed, but can be inferred from behaviors and attitudes that are associated with high or low self-esteem.BPCC 105 Solved Free Assignment 2023
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