BHIC-133
HISTORY OF INDIA FROM 1206-1707
BHIC 133 Solved Free Assignment 2023
BHIC 133 Solved Free Assignment January 2023
Assignment – I
Q 1. Critically examine the local administration of the Vijayanagara empire.
Ans. The Vijayanagara Empire, which flourished between the 14th and 16th centuries in Southern India, is known for its grand architecture, military prowess, and economic prosperity.
However, behind this impressive façade was a well-organized system of local administration that ensured stability and order in the empire.
At the local level, the Vijayanagara Empire was divided into a hierarchical administrative structure. The smallest unit of administration was the village, which was headed by a Grama Nayaka or village headman.
He was responsible for collecting taxes, maintaining law and order, and settling disputes within the village. BHIC 133 Solved Free Assignment 2023
Several villages formed a Mandalam or administrative division, which was headed by a Mandaladar or district officer.
He was responsible for the collection of revenue and the maintenance of law and order within the district. The Mandalams were further grouped into larger divisions called Nadu, which were headed by a Nadu Nayaka or provincial governor.
The Nayaka was responsible for maintaining law and order, collecting taxes, and supervising the administration of the Mandalams within the province.
Finally, several provinces were grouped into a Raya’s Kingdom, which was governed by a viceroy appointed by the king.
The Vijayanagara Empire had an efficient revenue system that ensured a steady flow of revenue to the central administration. The main source of revenue was land revenue, which was collected by the village headman.
The village headman was responsible for measuring the land and assessing the tax to be paid by each farmer. The tax was usually a fixed percentage of the crop produced, and in some cases, it was paid in kind.
The Mandaladar collected the revenue from the villages within his district and forwarded it to the provincial governor.
The governor, in turn, collected the revenue from the Mandalams within his province and forwarded it to the central administration.
Apart from land revenue, the Vijayanagara Empire also collected revenue from other sources such as customs duty, tolls, and fines.
The customs duty was collected at the ports and borders of the empire, and it was a significant source of revenue due to the flourishing maritime trade.
Tolls were collected at markets and along highways, and fines were imposed on those who violated the law. BHIC 133 Solved Free Assignment 2023
The revenue collected from these sources was used to finance the administration, the military, and public works such as the construction of temples, tanks, and irrigation canals.
The justice system of the Vijayanagara Empire was fair and efficient. The king was the supreme judge, and he appointed judges at the district and provincial levels to hear and settle disputes.
The village headman was responsible for settling minor disputes within the village, such as disputes over land and property.
The Mandaladar heard cases that could not be settled by the village headman and cases that involved the villagers of more than one village.
The provincial governor heard cases that could not be settled by the Mandaladar and cases that involved more than one district. The king heard cases that could not be settled by the provincial governor.
The justice system was based on the Dharma Sastras or Hindu legal texts, which prescribed punishments for various offenses. The punishments ranged from fines and confiscation of property to imprisonment and death.
The judges were required to follow the procedures laid down in the legal texts and ensure that justice was done. BHIC 133 Solved Free Assignment 2023
The Vijayanagara Empire had a system of appeals, where a person dissatisfied with the verdict of a lower court could appeal to a higher court. The appeals were heard by a panel of judges, and the verdict was final.
The local administration of the Vijayanagara Empire had several strengths.
One of its strengths was its hierarchical structure, which ensured that there was a clear chain of command and accountability The Vijayanagara Empire, which thrived in Southern India between the 14th and 16th centuries, was known for its grand architecture, military power, and economic prosperity.
However, behind its impressive façade was a well-organized system of local administration that ensured stability and order in the empire.
The local administration of the Vijayanagara Empire was organized into a hierarchical administrative structure.
At the lowest level, the village was headed by a village headman who was responsible for collecting taxes, maintaining law and order, and settling disputes within the village.BHIC 133 Solved Free Assignment 2023
Several villages formed a district, which was headed by a district officer responsible for collecting revenue and maintaining law and order.
The districts were grouped into provinces, which were governed by a provincial governor responsible for collecting taxes, maintaining law and order, and supervising the administration of the districts within the province.
Several provinces were grouped into a Raya’s Kingdom, which was governed by a viceroy appointed by the king.
The Vijayanagara Empire had an efficient revenue system that ensured a steady flow of revenue to the central administration. The main source of revenue was land revenue, which was collected by the village headman.
The tax was a fixed percentage of the crop produced, and in some cases, it was paid in kind. The revenue collected from customs duty, tolls, and fines were also significant sources of revenue. BHIC 133 Solved Free Assignment 2023
The revenue collected from these sources was used to finance the administration, the military, and public works.
The justice system of the Vijayanagara Empire was fair and efficient. The king was the supreme judge, and he appointed judges at the district and provincial levels to hear and settle disputes.
The village headman settled minor disputes within the village, while the district officer heard cases that could not be settled by the village headman.
The provincial governor heard cases that could not be settled by the district officer, and the king heard cases that could not be settled by the provincial governor.
The justice system was based on the Dharma Sastras, which prescribed punishments for various offenses.
The judges were required to follow the procedures laid down in the legal texts and ensure that justice was done.BHIC 133 Solved Free Assignment 2023
The local administration of the Vijayanagara Empire had several strengths. Its hierarchical structure ensured that there was a clear chain of command and accountability.
The efficient revenue system ensured that there was a steady flow of revenue to the central administration. The fair and efficient justice system ensured that disputes were settled fairly and efficiently.
In conclusion, the local administration of the Vijayanagara Empire was well-organized, efficient, and fair.
Its hierarchical administrative structure, revenue system, and justice system ensured stability and order in the empire.
The Vijayanagara Empire is a testament to the fact that a well-organized system of local administration is critical to the success of any empire.
Q 2. Discuss Mughal relations with the Marathas.
Ans. The Mughal Empire, which spanned the Indian subcontinent from the 16th to the mid-19th century, had a complex relationship with the Maratha Empire, which was based in western India from the 17th to the early 19th century.
The Mughals and the Marathas had a long history of conflict, but they also had periods of cooperation and coexistence.
The first phase of Mughal-Maratha relations was characterized by conflict. In the late 17th century, the Marathas emerged as a powerful force in western India under the leadership of Shivaji. BHIC 133 Solved Free Assignment 2023
The Mughals, who had been ruling India since the 16th century, saw the Marathas as a threat to their hegemony and launched several military campaigns against them.
The Mughal emperor Aurangzeb, in particular, was determined to crush the Maratha rebellion and launched a series of expeditions against them.
However, the Marathas, who were skilled guerrilla fighters, were able to resist the Mughals and even expand their territory.
The second phase of Mughal-Maratha relations was characterized by a temporary truce. In the early 18th century, the Mughal Empire was weakened by internal conflicts and external invasions.
The Marathas, who had established a strong empire in western India under the leadership of the Peshwas, saw an opportunity to expand their territory and influence. BHIC 133 Solved Free Assignment 2023
The Peshwas, who were the de facto rulers of the Maratha Empire, entered into an agreement with the Mughals known as the Treaty of Purandar in 1665.
Under this agreement, the Marathas agreed to serve the Mughals in return for certain concessions, such as the right to collect taxes in the Deccan region.
The third phase of Mughal-Maratha relations was characterized by renewed conflict. In the mid-18th century, the Mughal Empire was in decline, and the Marathas had become a major power in India.
The Marathas, who had expanded their empire to include large parts of northern India, began to challenge the authority of the Mughals.
The two empires engaged in several military campaigns, and the Marathas were able to defeat the Mughals in several battles.
The Mughal emperor, Muhammad Shah, was forced to grant the Marathas certain concessions, such as the right to collect taxes in the north-western provinces.
The fourth phase of Mughal-Maratha relations was characterized by cooperation. In the late 18th century, the Mughal Empire was reduced to a mere shadow of its former self, while the Maratha Empire had become the dominant power in India.
The Marathas, who had established a confederacy under the leadership of the Peshwas, saw the Mughals as a useful ally against their enemies, such as the British and the Afghan invader, Ahmad Shah Durrani.
The Mughal emperor, Shah Alam II, who had been reduced to a figurehead by the Marathas, entered into an agreement with them known as the Treaty of Salbai in 1782.BHIC 133 Solved Free Assignment 2023
Under this agreement, the Marathas agreed to protect the Mughal emperor in return for certain concessions, such as the right to collect taxes in certain regions.
The final phase of Mughal-Maratha relations was characterized by conflict and the eventual downfall of both empires.
In the early 19th century, the British had established themselves as the dominant power in India, and both the Mughals and the Marathas were reduced to vassals of the British.
The Marathas, who had been weakened by internal conflicts and the loss of key battles against the British, were finally defeated in the Third Anglo-Maratha War in 1818.
The Peshwa was exiled, and the Maratha Empire was dismantled, bringing an end to their conflict with the Mughals.
Overall, the relationship between the Mughals and the Marathas was complex and evolved over time. BHIC 133 Solved Free Assignment 2023
They had periods of cooperation, such as during the Treaty of Purandar and the Treaty of Salbai, but they also had periods of conflict, such as during the reign of Aurangzeb and in the mid-18th century.
The factors that contributed to the changing dynamics of their relationship include the relative strength and weakness of the two empires, the personalities and policies of their leaders, and the external pressures and influences of other powers, such as the British and the Afghan invaders.
In conclusion, the relationship between the Mughals and the Marathas was a significant part of India’s history and had a profound impact on the political landscape of the subcontinent.
Despite their differences and conflicts, they also shared cultural and historical ties that have continued to shape the region’s identity to this day.
Assignment – II
Q 3. Briefly discuss Deccan policy of the Delhi Sultans.
Ans. The Deccan region of southern India has been a historically significant area that has played a vital role in shaping the political landscape of the Indian subcontinent.
During the medieval period, the Delhi Sultans attempted to extend their authority over this region, resulting in a unique and complex Deccan policy that had both successes and failures. BHIC 133 Solved Free Assignment 2023
The Delhi Sultans were a series of Muslim rulers who ruled over northern India from the 13th to the 16th century.
The Delhi Sultanate was established in 1206 by Qutub-ud-din Aibak and continued to be a dominant power in the subcontinent until the arrival of the Mughals in the 16th century.
However, the Delhi Sultans faced significant challenges in extending their authority over the Deccan region, which was inhabited by various Hindu and Muslim dynasties.
The Delhi Sultans adopted a unique Deccan policy that was characterized by a combination of military conquest, diplomatic alliances, and patronage of local elites.
The first Sultan to initiate this policy was Alauddin Khilji, who launched a series of military expeditions into the Deccan in the early 14th century.
Alauddin was able to defeat several local Hindu and Muslim dynasties and established a province known as the Deccan-i-Muazzam.
However, the Delhi Sultans faced significant resistance from the local elites, who were able to maintain a degree of autonomy and control over their territories.
The Delhi Sultans also adopted a policy of diplomatic alliances with local dynasties, particularly with the Bahmani Sultanate, which was established in 1347 in the Deccan region.BHIC 133 Solved Free Assignment 2023
The Bahmani Sultanate was a significant power that ruled over a large part of southern India and was a rival of the Vijayanagara Empire.
The Delhi Sultans entered into alliances with the Bahmani Sultanate in order to counter the rising power of the Vijayanagara Empire and maintain their influence in the Deccan region.
These alliances were characterized by a degree of political and cultural exchange, with the Delhi Sultans providing military support to the Bahmani Sultanate and receiving patronage from local elites.
The Delhi Sultans also attempted to maintain their influence in the Deccan region by patronizing local elites, particularly the Sufi saints and dargahs (shrines) that were located in the region.
The Sufi saints were seen as important intermediaries between the Muslim rulers and the local populations, and the Delhi Sultans provided them with financial and political support in order to maintain their influence in the region.
The patronage of dargahs was also an important aspect of the Delhi Sultan’s Deccan policy, as they were seen as important religious and cultural centers that could promote a sense of unity and loyalty among the local populations.
Despite these policies, the Delhi Sultans faced significant challenges in extending their authority over the Deccan region.
The local elites were able to maintain a degree of autonomy and control over their territories, and the Delhi Sultans faced significant resistance from the local populations.BHIC 133 Solved Free Assignment 2023
The policy of military conquest was also challenging, as the Deccan region was characterized by difficult terrain and a lack of centralized political authority.
The Delhi Sultans were able to conquer certain territories, such as the Deccan-i-Muazzam, but were unable to maintain their control over them in the long term.
Q 4. Discuss the main features of the Sultanate architecture.
Ans. The Sultanate period in India, which spanned from the 13th to the 16th century, saw the emergence of a unique style of architecture that blended Indian and Islamic influences.
This period saw the construction of numerous mosques, tombs, palaces, and forts, many of which still stand today as a testament to the architectural achievements of the era.
One of the main features of Sultanate architecture was the use of red sandstone and white marble, which were widely available in the region.
The use of red sandstone was particularly prevalent in the construction of mosques and tombs, as it provided a durable and attractive material that could be easily carved and embellished. BHIC 133 Solved Free Assignment 2023
The use of white marble was also significant, particularly in the construction of palaces and forts, as it provided a luxurious and elegant finish.
Another key feature of Sultanate architecture was the use of arches and domes, which were inspired by Islamic architecture.
The use of arches allowed for greater structural stability and allowed for larger spaces to be covered without the need for additional support columns.
The use of domes was also significant, as it allowed for natural light to filter into the interiors of buildings and created a sense of grandeur and majesty.
The construction of minarets was also a significant feature of Sultanate architecture. Minarets are tall, slender towers that are typically found adjacent to mosques and were used to call the faithful to prayer.
They were often embellished with intricate carvings and decorations and served as important landmarks in the urban landscape.
The use of intricate geometric patterns and calligraphy was also a prominent feature of Sultanate architecture.BHIC 133 Solved Free Assignment 2023
Islamic calligraphy was used to decorate the walls and facades of buildings, often quoting verses from the Quran or praising the rulers who commissioned the construction.
The use of geometric patterns was also significant, as it reflected the Islamic concept of unity and order and created a sense of harmony and balance in the design.
Water features, such as fountains and pools, were also an important feature of Sultanate architecture.
These were often used to cool and humidify the air and create a sense of tranquility and serenity in the hot and arid climate of northern India.
The construction of elaborate gardens and courtyards was also significant, as it provided a peaceful retreat from the hustle and bustle of urban life.
The development of Sultanate architecture was influenced by a range of factors, including the availability of materials, the influence of Islamic architecture, and the patronage of rulers and wealthy merchants.
Many of the architectural achievements of the period were commissioned by rulers as a means of expressing their power and wealth, and as a reflection of their commitment to Islamic principles.BHIC 133 Solved Free Assignment 2023
In conclusion, Sultanate architecture was a unique and significant style that emerged in India during the medieval period.
Its main features, such as the use of red sandstone and white marble, arches and domes, minarets, intricate geometric patterns and calligraphy, water features, and gardens, reflect a blending of Indian and Islamic influences.
The development of this style was influenced by a range of factors, including the availability of materials, the influence of Islamic architecture, and the patronage of rulers and wealthy merchants, and continues to be admired and studied today.
Q 5. Give a brief account of the main features and working of the jagir system under the Mughals.
Ans. The jagir system was a crucial feature of the Mughal Empire’s administration, allowing the emperor to maintain a standing army without having to pay for it directly. BHIC 133 Solved Free Assignment 2023
Under this system, lands or estates, called jagirs, were granted to the nobles and military officers in return for their services to the emperor.
The jagirs were granted to the nobles and military officers based on their ranks and positions, with higher ranks receiving larger jagirs.
The jagirs could be inherited by the jagirdar’s heirs, provided they continued to provide the same level of service to the emperor.
The jagirdars were expected to maintain law and order in their jagirs, collect taxes, and provide troops to the emperor when required.
In return, they were allowed to keep a portion of the revenue generated from the jagir, which was usually around 10-20%.
One of the main features of the jagir system was that it allowed the Mughal emperor to maintain a standing army without having to bear the cost of maintaining it directly. BHIC 133 Solved Free Assignment 2023
The jagirdars were responsible for maintaining their own troops and providing them with equipment, food, and other necessities.
This allowed the emperor to avoid the costs of maintaining a large army, which would have been a significant burden on the treasury.
Another important feature of the jagir system was that it provided the emperor with a means of rewarding and retaining the loyalty of the nobles and military officers.
By granting them jagirs, the emperor was able to provide them with a source of income and ensure their continued loyalty and support.
This was particularly important in a period when the Mughal Empire was expanding rapidly and faced numerous challenges from external enemies and internal rebellions.
The workings of the jagir system were complex and involved several layers of administration.BHIC 133 Solved Free Assignment 2023
The jagirdars were supervised by the imperial officers, who were responsible for ensuring that the jagirdars fulfilled their obligations to the emperor.
The imperial officers also had the authority to revoke jagirs from jagirdars who failed to meet their obligations or who rebelled against the emperor.
One of the challenges of the jagir system was that it was difficult to maintain a balance between the interests of the jagirdars and the interests of the empire.
Jagirdars often used their positions to extract as much revenue as possible from their jagirs, which could lead to neglect of the local population and a decline in agricultural productivity.
This could in turn affect the revenue generated from the jagir, which could lead to tensions between the jagirdar and the imperial officers.
Another challenge of the jagir system was that it was vulnerable to abuse and corruption. BHIC 133 Solved Free Assignment 2023
The grant of a jagir was often based on personal relationships and political alliances, which could lead to unworthy individuals being granted jagirs.
The jagirdars could also abuse their positions by overtaxing the local population or by failing to maintain law and order in their jagirs.
the jagir system was a crucial feature of the Mughal Empire’s administration, allowing the emperor to maintain a standing army without having to pay for it directly.
The system was based on the grant of lands or estates, called jagirs, to the nobles and military officers in return for their services to the emperor.
The jagirdars were expected to maintain law and order in their jagirs, collect taxes, and provide troops to the emperor when required.
The system had its strengths, including its ability to maintain a standing army and its ability to reward and retain the loyalty of the nobles and military officers.
However, it also had its weaknesses, including its vulnerability to abuse and corruption and its potential to neglect the interests of the local population.
Assignment – III
Q 6. Arabic and Persian Historiography
Ans. Arabic and Persian historiography are two important branches of historical writing that emerged in the Islamic world.
Arabic historiography dates back to the 7th century, with the earliest works focusing on the life of the Prophet Muhammad and the early Islamic community.
Persian historiography emerged later, in the 10th century, and was heavily influenced by Arabic historiography.BHIC 133 Solved Free Assignment 2023
Arabic historiography is characterized by its emphasis on the importance of preserving the memory of past events.
This was considered a religious obligation, as the early Muslims believed that the study of history was essential to understanding God’s plan for humanity.
The early Arabic historical works were written in a style known as akhbar, which emphasized the transmission of factual information about past events.
One of the most important early Arabic historical works is the Kitab al-Maghazi by Muhammad ibn Ishaq, which is a biography of the Prophet Muhammad that focuses on his military campaigns.
Other important early works include the Tarikh al-Tabari, a multi-volume history of the Islamic world, and the Kitab al-Aghani, a collection of biographies of famous poets.
Persian historiography, on the other hand, was more influenced by the literary traditions of pre-Islamic Persia.BHIC 133 Solved Free Assignment 2023
Persian historical works often contained elements of poetry and storytelling, and were characterized by their emphasis on the lives of kings and rulers.
The most famous Persian historical work is the Shahnama, a epic poem that traces the history of Persia from its mythical origins to the Arab conquest in the 7th century.
One of the most important Persian historians was Abu’l-Qasim Firdausi, who wrote the Shahnama in the late 10th and early 11th centuries.
The Shahnama was heavily influenced by the pre-Islamic Persian tradition of storytelling, and contains many legendary and mythical elements.
However, it also contains a great deal of factual information about the lives of Persian kings and rulers.
Q 7. Humayun and the Afghans
Ans. Humayun, the second Mughal emperor, faced a number of challenges during his reign, including a rebellion by Afghan nobles who had previously served under his father, Babur.BHIC 133 Solved Free Assignment 2023
In 1530, when Babur died, Humayun inherited the Mughal Empire. However, his early reign was marked by instability and rebellion. One of the most serious rebellions was led by Sher Shah Suri, an Afghan noble who had served under Babur.
In 1539, Sher Shah defeated Humayun in the Battle of Chausa, forcing him to flee to Persia. Sher Shah then took control of the Mughal Empire and established the Sur dynasty.
Humayun spent the next 15 years in exile in Persia, where he received support from the Safavid dynasty. In 1555, with the help of Persian troops, he was able to reclaim the Mughal throne from the Sur dynasty.
However, his second reign was also marked by conflict with Afghan nobles who continued to resist Mughal rule.
One of the most notable Afghan rebels was Hemu, who was a minister in the Sur dynasty and later declared himself king. In 1556, Hemu led an army to Delhi and defeated the Mughals in the Battle of Delhi.
Humayun died soon after, leaving his 13-year-old son Akbar to inherit the Mughal Empire.BHIC 133 Solved Free Assignment 2023
Despite these challenges, Humayun is remembered as a cultured and intellectual ruler who supported the arts and sciences.
He was known for his love of books and his patronage of scholars and artists.
During his exile in Persia, he spent much of his time studying astronomy and astrology, and he is said to have brought a number of Persian scholars back to India with him when he returned to the Mughal Empire.
Humayun also played a key role in the development of Mughal architecture. He commissioned a number of buildings, including the Dinpanah citadel in Delhi and the Tomb of Humayun in Delhi, which is considered one of the finest examples of Mughal architecture.
In conclusion, Humayun faced significant challenges during his reign, including a rebellion by Afghan nobles who opposed Mughal rule.
However, he was able to reclaim the Mughal throne with the help of Persian troops and is remembered as a cultured and intellectual ruler who made significant contributions to Mughal architecture and patronized the arts and sciences.
Q 8. Alauddin Khalji’s market control measures
Ans. Alauddin Khalji was a powerful ruler of the Delhi Sultanate who implemented a number of market control measures in order to stabilize prices and increase government revenue. BHIC 133 Solved Free Assignment 2023
Some of the main measures that he implemented are as follows:
Price Control: Alauddin Khalji introduced a system of price controls in order to keep prices stable and prevent hoarding and profiteering.
He set fixed prices for all essential goods, including grains, cloth, and salt, and enforced these prices through a network of market inspectors.
Taxation: Alauddin Khalji also introduced a new system of taxation that was based on the measurement of land and production. He ordered a survey of all agricultural land and fixed a tax rate based on the productivity of the land.
Market Regulation: Alauddin Khalji also regulated the markets by banning the sale of non-essential goods and imposing strict rules on the weight and quality of goods.
He also prohibited the export of grain and other essential commodities in order to ensure that they remained available to the local population.
Supply Chain Control: Alauddin Khalji established a system of government-controlled storehouses where essential commodities were stored in large quantities.
This allowed the government to control the supply of goods and prevent shortages.
Military Control: Alauddin Khalji also used his military power to enforce these market control measures. BHIC 133 Solved Free Assignment 2023
He stationed soldiers at key marketplaces to ensure that the rules were being followed and that there was no hoarding or price gouging.
The market control measures implemented by Alauddin Khalji were controversial and had a significant impact on the economy of the Delhi Sultanate.
While these measures did stabilize prices and increase government revenue, they also led to a decrease in trade and commerce, as merchants were hesitant to enter markets that were heavily regulated and taxed.
Additionally, these measures were often enforced harshly, leading to resentment among the population and a decline in economic activity.
Nonetheless, Alauddin Khalji’s market control measures are still studied today as an early example of state intervention in the economy.
Q 9. Monotheistic Movements
Ans. Monotheistic movements are religious beliefs that revolve around the worship of a single deity or god. Monotheistic religions emerged in the Middle East and have since spread throughout the world. BHIC 133 Solved Free Assignment 2023
Some of the most well-known monotheistic movements include Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Here is a brief overview of each of these movements:
Judaism:
Judaism is the oldest of the monotheistic religions and originated in the Middle East over 3,000 years ago. It is based on the belief in one God, Yahweh, who is viewed as the creator of the universe and the source of all morality.
Judaism emphasizes the importance of following the Torah, a set of religious laws and commandments that guide daily life.
Christianity:
Christianity is based on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth, who lived in the Middle East around 2,000 years ago. Christians believe in one God, who is viewed as a loving father and the source of all salvation.
The central belief of Christianity is that Jesus died on the cross to save humanity from sin, and that through faith in Jesus, believers can achieve eternal life.
Islam:
Islam was founded by the prophet Muhammad in the 7th century CE in the Middle East. Muslims believe in one God, Allah, who is viewed as the all-powerful creator of the universe. BHIC 133 Solved Free Assignment 2023
Islam teaches that humans must submit to the will of Allah and follow the teachings of the Quran, the holy book of Islam.
All of these monotheistic movements have had a profound impact on world history and have shaped the beliefs and practices of billions of people.
They have also been the source of conflict and debate throughout history, as followers of each religion have sometimes clashed with one another over differences in belief and practice.
Nonetheless, monotheistic movements continue to be an important part of world culture and religion, and are likely to remain so for many years to come.
Q 10. European influence on Mughal school of painting
Ans. The Mughal school of painting emerged in the 16th century during the reign of Akbar the Great, and reached its peak during the reigns of Jahangir and Shah Jahan in the 17th century. BHIC 133 Solved Free Assignment 2023
While the Mughal style of painting was heavily influenced by Indian and Persian artistic traditions, it also incorporated elements of European art, which had been introduced to the Mughal court through diplomatic and trade contacts with Europe.
One of the most significant influences on the Mughal school of painting was the European technique of linear perspective, which was introduced to the Mughal court by Jesuit missionaries who were active in the court of Akbar.
Linear perspective allowed artists to create the illusion of depth and space on a two-dimensional surface, and was used extensively in Mughal painting to create complex, multi-layered compositions that conveyed a sense of depth and realism.
Another important influence was the use of oil paint, which was introduced to the Mughal court by European artists who were commissioned to create portraits of Mughal emperors and courtiers.
Oil paint allowed for greater detail and vibrancy in color, and was used extensively in Mughal painting to create intricate and highly detailed works.
European motifs and themes also began to appear in Mughal painting, particularly in the portraits and court scenes that were popular during the reigns of Jahangir and Shah Jahan. BHIC 133 Solved Free Assignment 2023
European clothing and hairstyles began to appear in these works, as did European-style buildings and landscapes.
At the same time, the Mughal school of painting retained its distinctive style and techniques, and continued to incorporate Indian and Persian artistic traditions into its work.
Miniature painting, which had been a popular form of art in India for centuries, continued to be a major feature of Mughal painting, and artists continued to use traditional materials such as watercolors, gold leaf, and fine brushes made from animal hair.